370 Biostatistics For Dummies
base-2 logarithms, 22
base-10 logarithms, 22
base-e logarithms, 22
baseline survival function, 342–344
baseline values, 96
beta (β), 41
bimodal (two-peaked) distribution, 114, 117
binary logarithms, 22
binary variables, 173–174, 177, 236–238
binomial distribution, 36, 354–355
biology, 1
biopsy specimens, 188
biostatisticians, 60, 141, 161, 168–169
biostatistics, definition of, 1, 7
bivariate analysis, 11, 128, 145, 160
blinding, 66, 70, 171
blocked randomization, 67
blood pressure
of study participants, 116–117
variable name, 18
body mass index (BMI), 177
bolus, 280
Bonferroni adjustment, 153–156
box-and-whiskers charts, 127–128
Bradford Hill’s criteria of causality, 297–298
C
calculated values, 37
calculations, 8
cancer
as a categorical variable, 236–238
liver, 93–97
lung, 296–298
relation to weight, 11
remission, 318, 325
stages, 102
survival data, 208, 301–306, 337, 343
candidate covariates, 291
cannabidiol (CBD), 159–166
car accidents, 274–278
case report forms (CRFs), 74
case reports, 91
case series, 91
case studies, 91
case-control study, 90, 93–96
CAT (computerized tomography) scans, 188
categorical data, 112–114
categorical variables, 236–238
causal inference, 11–12, 87, 90–95, 247
CBD (cannabidiol), 159–166
censoring, 302–306, 329, 335
census, 33–34
center, 115
centiles, 120
central tendency, 115
central-limit theorem (CLT), 134
charts and charting. See also graphing
bar and pie, 113, 126
box-and-whiskers, 127–128
categorical data, 112–114
correlation coefficients, 202–203
hazard rates and survival probabilities, 312–315
multiple regression, 243–254
numerical data, 124–128
Poisson regression, 273–276
Receiver Operator Characteristics (ROC),
264–265
residuals, 222–223
scatter plots, 214, 219, 221, 238–240
software for, 57–58
s-shaped data, 252–256
student t test, 45–47
CHD (coronary heart disease), 92–93
chemotherapy, 337
chi-square distribution, 165–166, 358–359
chi-square test
pros and cons, 167–169
sample size, 171–172
tables, 13
using, 11, 161–167, 174